Though the aviation industry has committed to achieving net-zero flying by 2050, its path to reaching that goal is complex. The industry has aligned on most of the important actions needed to decarbonize—namely, fleet renewal, disruptive propulsion technologies, operational efficiency, sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) usage, and carbon offsetting. From 2005 to 2019, the aviation industry improved fuel efficiency by approximately 39 percent, but absolute growth of emissions is larger than efficiency gains by far. Going forward, achieving decarbonization in a cost-effective way requires transparency and adaptability across a wide range of carbon mitigation measures as well as a clear focus on short-term versus long-term…