Demographic changes refer to fluctuations in population distribution, size, and composition over time. Factors such as birth rates, death rates, age structure, economic elements, migration, and social factors impact these changes. Economic growth refers to an increase in a country’s productive capacity, which is closely linked to demographic changes. Human capital, demographic factors, investment, innovation, natural resources, political stability and good governance, trade, entrepreneurship and small business development, and infrastructure contribute to economic growth. Labor force is a critical factor through which demographics affect economic growth. In Japan, demographic shifts such as an aging population, low birth rates, and a shortage of working population have led to a decline in economic growth. The government has implemented policies to encourage families to have more children, increase women’s participation in the workforce, and liberalize immigration policy. However, more aggressive policies are needed to bring Japan’s economy to the road of economic growth. Overall, demographic changes have a complex relationship with economic growth, and ongoing efforts are needed to ensure that countries can continue to thrive in the face of these challenges.